Design of Smart Building Energy Management Systems Using IoT

Abstract

The global transition toward sustainable and energy-efficient built environments has intensified research in smart building energy management systems (BEMS) that leverage Internet of Things (IoT) technologies for real-time monitoring and optimized consumption. Traditional building energy systems rely on static schedules and manual operations, which are insufficient for modern dynamic occupancy patterns, variable environmental conditions, and the growing integration of distributed renewable sources. This study presents the design, modeling, and evaluation of an IoT-enabled smart BEMS incorporating distributed sensor networks, intelligent control algorithms, and cloud-based data analytics. A modular architecture is developed consisting of environmental sensors, smart meters, actuators, energy optimization algorithms, and a user interface accessed through edge-cloud integration. Experimental evaluation is conducted on a simulated commercial building using realistic occupancy models and appliance level energy profiles. Results indicate that the proposed IoT-BEMS achieves a reduction of 22 to 35 percent in overall energy consumption compared to legacy systems through optimized HVAC operation, adaptive lighting control, and predictive load scheduling. Furthermore, the architecture demonstrates significant improvements in user comfort, system responsiveness, and energy forecasting accuracy. The study highlights IoT-enabled BEMS as a crucial pathway for implementing national and global sustainability goals and provides a foundation for scalable smart infrastructure in urban environments.