Development of Smart Wearable Systems for Physiological Signal Monitoring

Abstract

 Smart wearable systems have transformed modern healthcare by providing real-time, continuous
monitoring of physiological signals. Advances in flexible electronics, low-power sensor technology, and
wireless communication have enabled wearables to track parameters such as ECG, heart rate, blood oxygen
saturation, skin temperature, and motion analysis with increasing accuracy. This review explores the sensing
mechanisms, system architecture, and analytical frameworks used in wearable devices. The role of
photoplethysmography, ECG electrodes, thermistors, and inertial measurement units is analyzed in detail.
Additionally, the paper discusses wireless protocols such as BLE, Wi-Fi, and NFC that facilitate data transmission to cloud and edge platforms. Wearables also enhance chronic disease management, elderly monitoring, and fitness assessment. However, they face challenges related to sensor noise, motion artifacts, battery limitations, and cyber-security vulnerabilities. Emerging trends such as AI-enabled predictive diagnostics, energy harvesting, and integration with Digital Twins are expected to significantly enhance the functionality of wearable systems. This review concludes that smart wearables will continue to expand their role in clinical and personal health management.