Deployment and Testing of Wireless Sensor Networks for Real-Time Monitoring of Environmental Parameters

Abstract

The rapid increase in environmental variability and climate-related challenges has intensified the need for efficient, scalable, and autonomous monitoring systems. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) provide a promising solution for real-time environmental surveillance due to their distributed architecture, low power consumption, and ability to operate in remote or inaccessible regions. This study presents the design, deployment, and comprehensive performance evaluation of a multi-node WSN used to monitor temperature, humidity, air quality, and soil moisture. The system architecture integrates low-power IEEE 802.15.4 communication, mesh-based routing, and calibrated environmental sensors. Field experiments were conducted over twenty days under varying atmospheric and terrain conditions to analyze packet delivery ratio, latency, throughput, and energy consumption. Results indicate that while the WSN demonstrated stable performance with a packet delivery ratio above 90 percent during optimal conditions, environmental obstructions and rainfall caused noticeable degradation in signal strength and network reliability. The findings align with established studies on the vulnerabilities of WSN communication to environmental interference. Overall, the deployed system exhibited strong potential for long-term environmental monitoring applications, including precision agriculture, pollution analysis, and smart city infrastructures. Future improvements should integrate energy harvesting modules, adaptive routing algorithms, and enhanced self-healing capabilities for extended autonomous operation.