The Role of Internet of Things (IoT) in EnhancingData Collection and Process Control in AppliedScience

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) has emerged as a key technological framework in applied sciences,
supporting advanced data acquisition, real-time monitoring, and autonomous process control. By connecting sensors, devices, and analytical platforms, IoT creates adaptive systems that improve accuracy, efficiency, and responsiveness in scientific and industrial environments. This review explores the expanding role of IoT in data collection and process optimisation, examining architectures, sensor mechanisms, communication protocols, and cloud or edge-based analytics. Applications across agriculture, healthcare, environmental monitoring, energy management, and industrial automation reveal how IoT enables predictive maintenance, resource optimisation, and intelligent control. The paper also addresses major challenges such as security risks, interoperability issues, scalability constraints, and power limitations. It concludes that IoT will continue to transform applied sciences as developments in edge computing, machine learning, and wireless networks foster more autonomous, resilient, and context-aware system