Developing Sustainable and Eco-friendly Materials: A Comprehensive Review of Synthesis Methods and Industrial Applications

Abstract

The rising urgency of climate change, resource depletion, and industrial pollution has intensified global interest in sustainable and eco-friendly materials. This review examines the rapidly expanding field of green materials by synthesizing major contributions from recent scholarly research. The primary objective is to evaluate how innovative synthesis strategies such as bio-based polymerization, nanocellulose extraction, green composites fabrication, low-energy ceramic production, and CO₂-derived materials are influencing industrial practices and environmental policy. Current literature underscores a decisive shift from petroleum- based feedstocks to renewable, biodegradable, or recyclable alternatives that offer reduced toxicity, minimized carbon footprints, and improved circularity. Industrial applications across construction, packaging, automotive manufacturing, biomedical engineering, and electronics reveal strong performance potential when green materials are synthesized using optimized processes. Key studies also highlight challenges related to scalability, cost competitiveness, performance stability, and regulatory standardization. Despite limitations, the reviewed research demonstrates that sustainable material synthesis is no longer an experimental niche but a technologically viable pathway enabling decarbonized production systems. By consolidating recent empirical findings, the review concludes that the future of global manufacturing depends critically on strengthening interdisciplinary research, policy incentives, and industrial integration to accelerate the transition toward environmentally responsible material ecosystems [1], [4], [7].