Sustainable Waste Management Engineering: Technological Innovations and Policy Frameworks

Abstract

Sustainable waste management has emerged as a critical component of modern environmental engineering, addressing the escalating challenges of waste generation, resource depletion, and climate change. This review paper explores recent technological innovations and policy frameworks that drive the transition toward sustainable waste management systems. Advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI)-based waste sorting, waste-to-energy (WTE) conversion, bioremediation, and circular economy models are analyzed for their efficiency, scalability, and environmental impact. The integration of digital tools, including Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain, further enhances waste tracking, segregation, and material recovery processes. In parallel, policy frameworks play a pivotal role in fostering sustainable practices through regulations, incentives, and international cooperation. The paper examines global and regional policies such as Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), Zero Waste initiatives, and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to evaluate their influence on waste management strategies. Emphasis is placed on the synergy between technological innovation and policy enforcement in achieving long-term sustainability. Ultimately, this review underscores the necessity for a holistic approach that combines engineering solutions, stakeholder engagement, and robust governance to create resilient and resource-efficient waste management systems for a sustainable future