Machine Learning Methods for Structural Health Monitoring and Predictive Maintenance in Civil Infrastructure

Abstract

Biotechnology has emerged as a powerful tool in environmental engineering, offering innovative solutions for waste treatment and pollution control. This paper explores recent advances in the application of biotechnological methods to address environmental challenges, with a focus on sustainable and cost-effective approaches. Key developments include the use of genetically engineered microorganisms for the biodegradation of hazardous pollutants, bioaugmentation strategies to enhance microbial performance in wastewater treatment, and the deployment of biosensors for real-time monitoring of contaminants. Additionally, bioreactors and constructed wetlands integrated with microbial consortia are shown to significantly improve the efficiency of industrial and municipal waste treatment processes. The paper also highlights the role of phytoremediation and enzymatic degradation in soil and groundwater remediation. These biotechnological interventions reduce the need for energy-intensive and chemically driven treatments, aligning with global efforts toward green engineering and environmental sustainability. Despite challenges such as regulatory constraints and variable field performance, ongoing research continues to refine these methods for broader application. This review underscores biotechnology’s transformative potential in creating cleaner and more resilient ecosystems through innovative pollution control strategies.