Comprehensive Review of Sustainable Materials for Innovative Engineering Design and Structural Applications

Abstract

The growing demand for environmentally responsible engineering solutions has led to the increased integration of sustainable materials in design and structural applications. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of sustainable materials, focusing on their properties, performance, environmental impact, and applicability in innovative engineering contexts. The study categorizes materials into renewable resources (such as bamboo, hempcrete, and bio-based polymers), recycled materials (including recycled steel, plastics, and concrete), and advanced composites that incorporate sustainable elements. Emphasis is placed on life cycle assessment (LCA), carbon footprint reduction, and the balance between sustainability, structural integrity, and cost-effectiveness. Innovations in material processing, such as low-energy manufacturing and additive manufacturing techniques, are also discussed as key enablers of sustainable design. The review further explores case studies and real-world applications in civil, mechanical, and architectural engineering, highlighting successful implementations and challenges faced. By synthesizing current research and practical developments, this paper aims to guide engineers, designers, and policymakers toward the selection and use of sustainable materials that align with both environmental goals and engineering requirements. The findings underscore the critical role of interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation in accelerating the adoption of sustainable materials for future-ready, resilient, and eco-efficient structural systems.