Modeling, Simulation, and Energy Efficiency Analysis of Hybrid Electric Vehicles Under Various Urban and Highway Driving Conditions

Abstract

The transportation sector is a major contributor to global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, necessitating the development of efficient and sustainable vehicle technologies. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) offer a practical transition pathway by combining internal combustion engines with electric propulsion systems to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. This study presents a comprehensive modeling, simulation, and energy efficiency analysis of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle operating under diverse urban and highway driving conditions. A detailed vehicle dynamics model was developed to capture longitudinal motion, powertrain interactions, and energy flow between components. Simulation-based evaluation was conducted using standardized driving cycles to assess fuel consumption, energy distribution, and regenerative braking effectiveness. The study further analyzes the impact of driving patterns, traffic conditions, and control strategies on overall vehicle efficiency. Results demonstrate significant improvements in energy utilization during urban driving due to regenerative braking and optimized power split, while highway conditions highlight the importance of engine operating efficiency. The findings provide valuable insights into HEV performance optimization and support informed design and policy decisions for sustainable transportation systems.