Optimization of Microalgae-Based Biofuel Production: Process Parameters, Yield Maximization, and Economic Viability

Abstract

The escalating demand for sustainable energy sources has intensified interest in microalgae-based biofuels due to their high lipid productivity, rapid growth rates, and ability to utilize non-arable land and wastewater resources. Despite these advantages, large-scale commercialization remains constrained by suboptimal yields and high production costs. This study investigates the optimization of microalgae-based biofuel production through systematic evaluation of key process parameters, including nutrient concentration, light intensity, temperature, and carbon dioxide supply. Laboratory-scale cultivation experiments were conducted using Chlorella vulgaris in controlled photobioreactors to assess biomass productivity and lipid accumulation under varying operational conditions. Lipid extraction and transesterification processes were employed to determine biodiesel yield and fuel quality. In addition, a preliminary techno-economic analysis was performed to evaluate production feasibility at scale. Results demonstrate that optimized growth conditions significantly enhance lipid productivity while reducing energy input per unit biomass. The study concludes that integrated process optimization and cost-reduction strategies are essential for improving the economic viability of microalgae-derived biofuels.