Design, Implementation, and Multi-Parameter Field Testing of Automated Greenhouse Environmental Control Systems

Abstract

Greenhouse cultivation enables controlled agricultural production by mitigating adverse climatic conditions; however, conventional greenhouses rely heavily on manual monitoring and rule-of-thumb control, leading to inefficient resource utilization and inconsistent crop performance. Automated greenhouse environmental control systems offer a technology-driven solution by integrating sensors, actuators, and control algorithms to regulate critical growth parameters in real time. This study presents the design, implementation, and field testing of an automated greenhouse environmental control system capable of regulating temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture, light intensity, and carbon dioxide concentration. The system was developed using a modular hardware architecture and a rule-based control strategy tailored for low-to-medium scale agricultural operations. Field experiments were conducted over a full cropping cycle to evaluate system responsiveness, environmental stability, and energy efficiency. Results demonstrate significant improvements in parameter regulation accuracy, reduced manual intervention, and enhanced crop growth consistency. The findings confirm that automated greenhouse control systems can improve productivity while optimizing water and energy consumption, supporting sustainable protected agriculture.