Experimental Study on Efficiency and Durability of Different Solar Panel Technologies under Variable Temperature and Humidity Conditions

Abstract

The performance and long-term reliability of photovoltaic (PV) systems are strongly influenced by environmental factors such as temperature and humidity, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. While laboratory-rated efficiencies provide standardized benchmarks, real-world operating conditions often lead to performance degradation and reduced energy yield. This study presents a controlled experimental investigation into the efficiency variation and durability characteristics of three widely used solar panel technologies—monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and thin-film photovoltaic modules—under variable temperature and humidity conditions. Outdoor and accelerated aging experiments were conducted over a six-month period, simulating climatic stress through controlled thermal cycling and humidity exposure. Electrical performance parameters including open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, fill factor, and conversion efficiency were continuously monitored. Results reveal significant efficiency reductions at elevated temperatures, with thin-film modules exhibiting superior thermal stability but lower baseline efficiency. Humidity-induced degradation effects were more pronounced in polycrystalline panels due to encapsulation vulnerabilities. The findings provide critical insights for technology selection, system design, and deployment strategies in climate-sensitive regions.