Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Engineering & Applications in Urban Planning and Resource Management

Abstract

The increasing complexity of urban systems and the growing pressure on natural resources have necessitated advanced analytical tools capable of integrating spatial, environmental, and socio-economic data for informed engineering decision-making. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have emerged as a foundational technology in engineering applications related to urban planning and resource management, enabling spatial visualization, modeling, and optimization of infrastructure and environmental systems. This review examines the role of GIS as an engineering support system in urban development and resource management, focusing on its application in land-use planning, transportation networks, water resources, energy infrastructure, and environmental risk assessment. The paper explores how GIS integrates with remote sensing, simulation models, and decision-support frameworks to address challenges such as urban sprawl, infrastructure resilience, and sustainable resource allocation. Engineering challenges related to data accuracy, interoperability, scalability, and governance are critically analyzed. The review concludes by highlighting emerging trends in geospatial engineering, including real-time GIS, digital cities, and spatial decision intelligence, which are expected to redefine future urban and resource engineering practices.